AMID THE THREAT OF CYBERCRIME
Pastoral Care's Role in Combating Online Romance Scams
Abstract
Online romance scams have emerged as a pervasive and emotionally devastating form of fraud in the digital age. These scams exploit individuals emotionally, financially, and psychologically, leaving victims traumatized and financially crippled. Online romance scams involve perpetrators assuming false identities to establish fake romantic relationships with unsuspecting individuals, ultimately leading to financial exploitation. This research delves into the concept of pastoral care as a holistic approach to mitigating the risk of online romance scams and supporting victims. Online romance scams represent a modern challenge with profound emotional and financial consequences. Internet love scams are a sort of organized crime that takes place on the internet. It may be viewed as a crime involving a deliberate breach of the law using deceit in order to obtain monetary advantage from specific victims. Many examples of Internet love scams go undetected. Pastoral care, with its holistic approach, offers a promising avenue for prevention and support. By addressing emotional, psychological, spiritual, and financial aspects, pastoral care can empower individuals and communities to guard against these scams and provide much-needed solace and recovery for victims. Additionally, the impact of pastoral care contributes to the resilience of communities in the face of this evolving threat.
Downloads
References
Anesa, Patrizia. “Lovextortion: Persuasion Strategies in Romance Cybercrime.” Discourse, Context & Media 35 (June 2020): 100398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2020.100398.
Bryant, Katherine, and Pavica Sheldon. “Cyber Dating in the Age of Mobile Apps: Understanding Motives, Attitudes, and Characteristics of Users.” American Communication Journal 19, no. 2 (2017). https://www.csus.edu/faculty/m/fred.molitor/docs/cyber-dating.pdf.
Bryden T., Lindsey. “Online Dating Applications and the Uses and Gratifications Theory.” Eastern Washington University, 2017. http://dc.ewu.edu/theses.
Carter, Elisabeth. “Distort, Extort, Deceive and Exploit: Exploring the Inner Workings of a Romance Fraud.” Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (ISTD) 61 (2021): 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa072.
Chepkwony, Arap, and Adam Kiplangat. “Violence in the Age of Technology: Theological Reflections on Cyber Crime.” East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 5, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 32–39. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.5.2.613.
Coluccia, Anna, Andrea Pozza, Fabio Ferretti, Fulvio Carabellese, Alessandra Masti, and Giacomo Gualtieri. “Online Romance Scams: Relational Dynamics and Psychological Characteristics of the Victims and Scammers. A Scoping Review.” Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 16, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 24–35. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017902016010024.
Durkin F., Keith, and Brinkman Richard. “FRAUD: A Crime Without Borders in A Postmodern World.” International Review of Modern Sociology 35, no. 2 (2009). https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421358.
Felson, Marcus. “‘Routine Activity Theory: The Theorist’s Perspective.’” In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviant Behavior, Volume I: Historical, Conceptual and Theoretical, 338–39. Brunner-Routledge., 2001.
Finkel, Eli J., Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, Harry T. Reis, and Susan Sprecher. “Online Dating.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2012): 3–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436522.
Huber, Edith, and Roman H. Brandtweiner. “Cyberstalking.” In Encyclopedia of Criminal Activities and the Deep Web, 628–39. IGI Global, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9715-5.ch043.
Khader, Majeed, and Poh Shu Yun. “A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding Internet Love Scams.” In The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior, 523–48. Elsevier, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809287-3.00018-3.
Kopp, Christian, Robert Layton, Jim Sillitoe, and Iqbal Gondal. “The Role of Love Stories in Romance Scams: A Qualitative Analysis of Fraudulent Profiles.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology 9, no. 2 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56227.
Lazarus, Suleman, Jack M. Whittaker, Michael R. McGuire, and Lucinda Platt. “What Do We Know about Online Romance Fraud Studies? A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature (2000 to 2021).” Journal of Economic Criminology 2 (December 2023): 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100013.
Luu, Veronica, Lesley Land, and Wynne Chin. “Safeguarding against Romance Scams – Using Protection Motivation Theory.” Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems, 2017, 2429–44. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/301372423.pdf.
Madden, Mary, and Amanda Lenhart. “Americans Who Are Seeking Romance Use the Internet to Help Them in Their Search, but There Is Still Widespread Public Concern about the Safety of Online Dating.” Washington, D.C., 2006. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/media/Files/Reports/2006/PIP_Online_Dating.pdf.pdf.
Marshall, Jessica Louise. “The Challenges Posed by Scammers to Online Support Groups: The ‘Deserving’ and the ‘Undeserving’ Victims of Scams. In: New Perspectives on Cybercrime.” Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity, 2017. https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/31163/?template=default_internal.
Moon, Sung Seek, and Woochan S. Shim. “Bridging Pastoral Counseling and Social Work Practice: An Exploratory Study of Pastors’ Perceptions of and Responses to Intimate Partner Violence.” Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought 29, no. 2 (May 5, 2010): 124–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426431003708253.
Official W5. “The Cocaine Buttons: Romance Scam Victim in A Hongkong Prison for Drug Smuggling.” YouTube Video, 44:37. March 5, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVww72qbKy0
Rege, Aunshul. “What’s Love Got to Do with It? Exploring Online Dating Scams and Identity Fraud.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology 3, no. 2 (2009): 494–512. https://www.cybercrimejournal.com/pdf/AunshulIJCCJuly2009.pdf.
Rosenfeld, Michael J., Reuben J. Thomas, and Sonia Hausen. “Disintermediating Your Friends: How Online Dating in the United States Displaces Other Ways of Meeting.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (September 3, 2019): 17753–58. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908630116.
Rosenfield, Michael. “Marriage, Choice, and Couplehood in the Age of the Internet.” Sociological Science 4 (2017): 490–510. https://doi.org/10.15195/v4.a20.
Smith, Aaron, and Maeve Duggan. “Online Dating & Relationships.” Washington, D.C., 2014. http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Online-Dating.aspx%0A.
Tan, Koon Hooi, and Yoong David. “Preying on Lonely Hearts: A Systematic Deconstruction of an Internet Romance Scammer’s Online Lover Persona.” Journal of Modern Languages 23, no. 1 (2017): 28–40. https://jml.um.edu.my/article/view/3288.
Voce, Isabella, and Anthony Morgan. Online Behaviour, Life Stressors and Profit-Motivated Cybercrime Victimisation. Australian Institute of Criminology, 2023. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti77062.
Wang, Chenyang. “Online Dating Scam Victims Psychological Impact Analysis.” Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 4 (November 17, 2022): 149–54. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v4i.2740.
Whitty, M. T. “The Scammers Persuasive Techniques Model: Development of a Stage Model to Explain the Online Dating Romance Scam.” British Journal of Criminology 53, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 665–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt009.
Whitty, Monica T. “Anatomy of the Online Dating Romance Scam.” Security Journal 28, no. 4 (October 11, 2015): 443–55. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2012.57.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ester Agustini Tandana

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).




